{"id":8156,"date":"2022-12-21T10:27:54","date_gmt":"2022-12-21T09:27:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/?p=8156"},"modified":"2024-01-24T16:55:58","modified_gmt":"2024-01-24T15:55:58","slug":"one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\/","title":{"rendered":"Juges d\u2019un jour et crimes de masse"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Juges d\u2019un jour et crimes de masse<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">OPINION. The oral proceedings of&nbsp;&nbsp;French trials surprised our columnist Alain Werner, director of Civitas Maxima, during the trial of Liberian warlord Kunti Kamara, which was just held in Paris.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Appara\u00eetre devant une Cour d\u2019assises fran\u00e7aise est une plong\u00e9e fascinante dans le principe de l\u2019oralit\u00e9, avec un tribunal qui comprend \u00e0 la fois un jury populaire et des juges professionnels, comme ce fut le cas \u00e0 Gen\u00e8ve jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019une votation populaire abolisse en mai 2009 cette institution datant du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle.<br><br>J\u2019attendais donc le mois dernier \u00e0 Paris avec une certaine curiosit\u00e9 le proc\u00e8s de Kunti Kamara, 47 ans aujourd\u2019hui, ancien commandant des rebelles lib\u00e9riens de l\u2019Ulimo. Cette faction rebelle, comme tous les autres acteurs des combats, a \u00e9t\u00e9 accus\u00e9e d\u2019avoir plong\u00e9 dans la terreur la population du Lofa au cours d\u2019une guerre civile qui a fait au moins 250 000 morts.<br><br>Je connais bien le dossier. <a href=\"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/legal-work\/our-cases\/kunti-k\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Kunti Kamara<\/a> combattait dans la m\u00eame faction arm\u00e9e, au m\u00eame moment et dans la m\u00eame partie du Liberia qu\u2019un autre commandant, Alieu Kosiah, condamn\u00e9 en Suisse pour crimes de guerre par le Tribunal p\u00e9nal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral (TPF) en 2021 \u2013 le proc\u00e8s d\u2019appel est pr\u00e9vu en janvier 2023 \u00e0 Bellinzone. La structure que je dirige et qui c\u00e9l\u00e8bre cette ann\u00e9e ses 10 ans d\u2019existence, Civitas Maxima, est un acteur direct tant dans le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/suisse\/alieu-kosiah-se-voit-refuser-un-second-avocat-doffice-affronter-proces-appel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">proc\u00e8s d\u2019Alieu Kosiah en Suisse<\/a> que dans celui de Kunti Kamara en France.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">A Bellinzone, comme avocat et directeur de Civitas Maxima, je repr\u00e9sente, avec d\u2019autres confr\u00e8res, des victimes directes des crimes pr\u00e9tendument commis par M. Kosiah, ces derni\u00e8res \u00e9tant partie plaignante dans la proc\u00e9dure. A Paris, Civitas Maxima est elle-m\u00eame partie plaignante au c\u00f4t\u00e9 de victimes lib\u00e9riennes, et donc auditionn\u00e9e en tant que telle par mon interm\u00e9diaire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">En Suisse, en 2021, des victimes et des t\u00e9moins appel\u00e9s tant par la d\u00e9fense que par les procureurs \u00e9taient venus du Liberia pour d\u00e9poser devant les juges f\u00e9d\u00e9raux, mais ces derniers avaient aussi acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des dizaines de classeurs f\u00e9d\u00e9raux qui contenaient les auditions et documents accumul\u00e9s pendant des ann\u00e9es d\u2019instruction du dossier \u00e0 Berne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Or \u00e0 Paris, bien au contraire, les jur\u00e9s et juges assesseurs ne doivent rien savoir des faits dont ils ont \u00e0 juger avant d\u2019entendre les premiers qui seront livr\u00e9s devant eux. Ainsi la seule information dont ils pourront prendre connaissance est celle que leur livreront oralement t\u00e9moins, experts ou victimes appel\u00e9s \u00e0 la barre, ou des lectures du dossier d\u2019instruction que feront devant eux les avocats ou les procureurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Le d\u00e9fi \u00e9tait donc formidable\u00a0: dans un tel syst\u00e8me d\u2019oralit\u00e9 pure o\u00f9 absolument tout doit \u00eatre dit ou lu en audience, comment allait-il \u00eatre possible, en moins de quatre semaines, de faire comprendre notamment \u00e0 des jur\u00e9s \u2013 citoyens ordinaires devenus juges d\u2019un jour, sans aucune connaissance pr\u00e9alable ni de l\u2019affaire, ni du Liberia \u2013 des faits commis pendant une guerre civile africaine qui s\u2019est d\u00e9roul\u00e9e il y a presque 30 ans, \u00e0 5000 kilom\u00e8tres de chez eux?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Le serment des jur\u00e9s fran\u00e7ais est r\u00e9gi par le Code de proc\u00e9dure p\u00e9nale qui leur enjoint notamment de: \u00ab(\u2026)&nbsp;<em>betray neither the interests of the accused, nor those of the&nbsp;society accusing them, nor those of the victim<\/em>&nbsp;(&#8230;)&nbsp;<em>vous rappeler que l\u2019accus\u00e9 est pr\u00e9sum\u00e9 innocent et que le doute doit lui profiter\u202f; vous d\u00e9cider d\u2019apr\u00e8s les charges et les moyens de d\u00e9fense, suivant votre conscience et votre intime conviction, avec l\u2019impartialit\u00e9 et la fermet\u00e9 qui conviennent \u00e0 un homme probe et libre<\/em>(&#8230;).&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Vingt-sept t\u00e9moins et experts, lib\u00e9riens et fran\u00e7ais, dont des historiens, des journalistes, des m\u00e9decins, psychologues, psychiatres, assistants sociaux, enqu\u00eateurs et dix parties plaignantes \u2013 dont Civitas Maxima \u2013 ont comparu pour livrer leur exp\u00e9rience et leur v\u00e9rit\u00e9 aux juges et jur\u00e9s, yeux dans les yeux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Ce principe roi de l\u2019oralit\u00e9 des d\u00e9bats s\u2019incarne en France de fa\u00e7on impressionnante dans la fa\u00e7on dont l\u2019espace physique de la salle d\u2019audience est configur\u00e9. Quand on d\u00e9pose devant une Cour d\u2019assises fran\u00e7aise, les juges et jur\u00e9s sont assis devant vous \u00e0 une distance de moins de 2 m\u00e8tres. Il est interdit de lire un texte, la d\u00e9claration doit \u00eatre spontan\u00e9e, et l\u2019on ne vous pose des questions qu\u2019apr\u00e8s que vous avez fait une d\u00e9claration libre pendant laquelle personne ne vous interrompt, mais tout le monde vous scrute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Pour d\u00e9lib\u00e9rer et sonder leur intime conviction, les juges et jur\u00e9s n\u2019emportent que les notes qu\u2019ils ont prises pendant les d\u00e9bats, sans aucune autre pi\u00e8ce du dossier, auquel ils n\u2019ont jamais eu acc\u00e8s. Le dossier \u00e9crit est laiss\u00e9 par le pr\u00e9sident aux mains du greffier pendant le d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9, les jur\u00e9s et juges entrant \u00absans d\u00e9semparer\u00bb dans la salle des d\u00e9lib\u00e9rations apr\u00e8s les derniers mots de l\u2019accus\u00e9 et n\u2019en sortant qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir pris leur d\u00e9cision d\u2019acquittement ou de condamnation sur chaque charge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Certaines des tortures et certains crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9 all\u00e9gu\u00e9s dans le proc\u00e8s de Kunti Kamara n\u2019avaient comme t\u00e9moin direct qu\u2019une seule personne, sans qu\u2019il ait \u00e9t\u00e9 possible \u00e0 cause du contexte et du temps \u00e9coul\u00e9 de d\u00e9terrer les corps ou de faire des analyses ADN, ce que la d\u00e9fense a plaid\u00e9 avec force, demandant l\u2019acquittement de son client.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">In this&nbsp;&nbsp;scenario, a conviction is formed by listening to and evaluating two irreconcilable versions of the facts of the case presented on the stand: Mr. Kunti Kamara&#8217;s version on the one hand, and that of the alleged victims from Liberia on the other.<br><br>Pour pouvoir d\u00e9cider o\u00f9, selon eux, se trouvait la v\u00e9rit\u00e9, juges et jur\u00e9s ont donc pu b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier aussi d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments de contexte, dont des articles de journaux de l\u2019\u00e9poque, des vid\u00e9os et le t\u00e9moignage de t\u00e9moins et d\u2019experts. Au vu du nombre de questions pos\u00e9es lors de ces auditions notamment par les jur\u00e9s, il existait \u00e0 n\u2019en pas douter de leur part une r\u00e9elle envie de comprendre les ressorts de la guerre civile au Liberia, mais aussi ceux de la commission de crimes de masse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019on se souviendra du regard interloqu\u00e9 de certains de ces jur\u00e9s lorsque Daniel Zagury, psychiatre de renom ayant t\u00e9moign\u00e9 dans de multiples proc\u00e8s criminels, dont ceux de g\u00e9nocidaires rwandais, expliqua qu\u2019en th\u00e9orie, une personne ordinaire pouvait tout \u00e0 fait commettre des atrocit\u00e9s dans un certain contexte historique donn\u00e9, pour ensuite ne plus pr\u00e9senter aucun \u00e9tat dangereux s\u2019il vivait ailleurs, dans un contexte diff\u00e9rent, parlant de \u00ab\u00a0parenth\u00e8se historique\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">L\u2019experte psychologue Amal Hachet sembla susciter tout autant d\u2019attention quand elle d\u00e9clara que, selon elle, une victime dans un \u00e9tat post-traumatique pouvait se souvenir de faits tr\u00e8s pr\u00e9cis qui s\u2019\u00e9taient d\u00e9roul\u00e9s m\u00eame il y a tr\u00e8s longtemps (\u00ab hypermn\u00e9sie \u00bb) tout en ne se souvenant plus du tout par exemple \u00e0 quelle p\u00e9riode de l\u2019ann\u00e9e ces m\u00eames faits s\u2019\u00e9taient produits (\u00ab amn\u00e9sie \u00bb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Apr\u00e8s seize jours d\u2019audience, qui furent tous tr\u00e8s intenses, les juges et les jur\u00e9s se retir\u00e8rent pour sonder leur intime conviction, munis de leurs seuls blocs-notes et de leurs impressions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">Plus de huit heures de d\u00e9lib\u00e9r\u00e9s plus tard, ils rendirent un verdict de culpabilit\u00e9 de Kunti Kamara sur tous les faits all\u00e9gu\u00e9s et le condamn\u00e8rent \u00e0 la r\u00e9clusion criminelle \u00e0 perp\u00e9tuit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify wp-block-paragraph\">La d\u00e9fense a fait imm\u00e9diatement appel de cette condamnation, des juges et jur\u00e9s d\u2019appel sonderont \u00e0 leur tour leur intime conviction \u00e0 Paris sur ces m\u00eames faits, probablement en 2024. La m\u00eame question portant sur la mani\u00e8re d'appr\u00e9hender de tels \u00e9v\u00e9nements se posera alors une nouvelle fois, et notamment pour ces nouveaux \u00ab juges d\u2019un jour \u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Cet article est apparu premi\u00e8rement dans\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.letemps.ch\/opinions\/juges-dun-jour-crimes-masse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Le Temps<\/a>\u00a0as part of a Civitas Maxima\/Le Temps collaboration, on the 11th of December, 2022.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Image Credit: \u00a9 JEAN-MARC BOUJU \/ AP<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One-day judges and mass crimes OPINION. The oral proceedings of&nbsp;&nbsp;French trials surprised our columnist Alain Werner, director of Civitas Maxima, during the trial of Liberian warlord Kunti Kamara, which was just held in Paris. Appearing before a French \u201cCour d\u2019assises\u201d is a fascinating dive into the principle of orality, with a court that includes both [&hellip;]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"moretag\" href=\"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\/\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":179586343,"featured_media":8161,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[1420],"tags":[1703,1704,1423,1367],"class_list":["post-8156","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-international-crimes","tag-kunti-kamara","tag-liberia","tag-trial"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>One-day judges and mass crimes | Civitas Maxima<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"One-day judges and mass crimes | Civitas Maxima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One-day judges and mass crimes OPINION. The oral proceedings of&nbsp;&nbsp;French trials surprised our columnist Alain Werner, director of Civitas Maxima, during the trial of Liberian warlord Kunti Kamara, which was just held in Paris. Appearing before a French \u201cCour d\u2019assises\u201d is a fascinating dive into the principle of orality, with a court that includes both [&hellip;]Lire la suite\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Civitas Maxima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/civitasmaxima\/?locale=fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-12-21T09:27:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-24T15:55:58+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/civitas-maxima.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ulimo-first-liberian-civil-war-1996.jpeg?fit=900%2C490&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"490\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Civitas Maxima\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Civitas_Maxima\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Civitas_Maxima\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":[\"Article\",\"BlogPosting\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Civitas Maxima\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/c902862554eda43b65639a96d123e889\"},\"headline\":\"One-day judges and mass crimes\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-12-21T09:27:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-24T15:55:58+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1184,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/ulimo-first-liberian-civil-war-1996.jpeg?fit=900%2C490&ssl=1\",\"keywords\":[\"international crimes\",\"Kunti Kamara\",\"Liberia\",\"Trial\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/\",\"name\":\"One-day judges and mass crimes | Civitas Maxima\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/ulimo-first-liberian-civil-war-1996.jpeg?fit=900%2C490&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-12-21T09:27:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-24T15:55:58+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/one-day-judges-and-mass-crimes\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/ulimo-first-liberian-civil-war-1996.jpeg?fit=900%2C490&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/i0.wp.com\\\/civitas-maxima.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/12\\\/ulimo-first-liberian-civil-war-1996.jpeg?fit=900%2C490&ssl=1\",\"width\":900,\"height\":490,\"caption\":\"ULIMO fighters during First Liberian Civil War, 1996. 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