{"id":9541,"date":"2023-07-07T14:42:34","date_gmt":"2023-07-07T12:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/?p=9541"},"modified":"2024-10-17T11:53:47","modified_gmt":"2024-10-17T09:53:47","slug":"steps-forward-for-international-law-in-ljubljana-and-paris","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/steps-forward-for-international-law-in-ljubljana-and-paris\/","title":{"rendered":"Le droit international marque des points \u00e0 Ljubljana et \u00e0 Paris"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le droit international marque des points \u00e0 Ljubljana et \u00e0 Paris<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Le 26 mai 2023 restera une date importante dans l\u2019histoire du droit p\u00e9nal international. Ce jour-l\u00e0, \u00e0 Ljubljana, une initiative l\u00e9gale n\u00e9e en dehors du cadre des Nations unies et soutenue par 80 Etats, dont la Suisse, a d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 sur une Convention pour la coop\u00e9ration internationale entre Etats en mati\u00e8re d\u2019enqu\u00eate et de poursuite de crimes internationaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toute l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me international pour la poursuite notamment des crimes de guerre et des crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9 repose sur le fait qu\u2019il est du devoir de chaque Etat de soumettre \u00e0 sa juridiction les responsables des crimes internationaux. Dans un syst\u00e8me id\u00e9al \u2013 qui n\u2019existe pas \u2013 la Cour p\u00e9nale internationale bas\u00e9e \u00e0 La Haye n\u2019aurait pas de travail, car elle n\u2019intervient que si l\u2019Etat national comp\u00e9tent ne peut pas, ou ne veut pas, poursuivre les crimes internationaux.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Or les affaires pour crimes de guerre, g\u00e9nocide ou crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9 qui sont jug\u00e9es devant des tribunaux nationaux concernent souvent des atrocit\u00e9s commises sur le territoire d\u2019autres pays. Cela fut le cas par exemple de la toute premi\u00e8re affaire jug\u00e9e en Suisse pour crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9 par le Tribunal p\u00e9nal f\u00e9d\u00e9ral dont la d\u00e9cision d\u2019appel fut rendue ce mois-ci et qui concernait des crimes commis en Afrique, au Liberia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La coop\u00e9ration internationale est donc essentielle pour que les autorit\u00e9s judiciaires du pays o\u00f9 est jug\u00e9e la personne poursuivie puissent aller enqu\u00eater, entendre des t\u00e9moins, obtenir des pi\u00e8ces dans le pays dans lequel les crimes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 commis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Or, si jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce jour il existait des trait\u00e9s pour faciliter la coop\u00e9ration entre Etats en mati\u00e8re de crimes organis\u00e9s ou de corruption, il n\u2019y en avait pas pour faciliter la coop\u00e9ration entre Etats en mati\u00e8re de crimes internationaux. Seulement, au mieux, pouvait-on se baser sur des accords bilat\u00e9raux entre Etats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Coop\u00e9ration judiciaire facilit\u00e9e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, if country A receives a request for judicial cooperation from country B in connection with a war crimes case, the legislation of country B could require for letters rogatory to be accepted by country B’s embassy in country A. In practice, a simple request for cooperation can take over a year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Et si le pays B demandait l\u2019extradition de X, citoyen du pays B r\u00e9sidant dans le pays A et soup\u00e7onn\u00e9 de crimes internationaux, le pays A pourrait se trouver dans l\u2019impossibilit\u00e9 l\u00e9gale d\u2019extrader X vers le pays B. En effet, m\u00eame si la demande d\u2019extradition est envoy\u00e9e par les canaux appropri\u00e9s, il peut arriver qu\u2019aucun trait\u00e9 d\u2019extradition bilat\u00e9ral n\u2019ait \u00e9t\u00e9 conclu entre les pays A et B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trois Etats europ\u00e9ens \u2013 les Pays-Bas, la Belgique et la Slov\u00e9nie \u2013 ont donc d\u00e9cid\u00e9, en novembre 2011, de se r\u00e9unir pour envisager une solution \u00e0 cette situation passablement probl\u00e9matique. Ce groupe europ\u00e9en fut ensuite \u00e9largi \u00e0 trois pays de continents diff\u00e9rents: l\u2019Argentine, le S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et la Mongolie, donnant une dimension mondiale \u00e0 cette initiative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une nouvelle \u00e9tape fut ensuite franchie entre 2017 et 2022 aux Pays-Bas, puis de fa\u00e7on virtuelle \u2013 covid oblige \u2013 dans des conf\u00e9rences pr\u00e9paratoires qui r\u00e9unirent plus de 40 Etats ainsi que des repr\u00e9sentants de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, pour \u00e9laborer un projet de convention. C\u2019est ce processus qui permit finalement d\u2019aboutir \u00e0 la conf\u00e9rence diplomatique qui s\u2019est donc tenue \u00e0 Ljubljana du 15 au 26 mai, avec l\u2019adoption de la Convention de Ljubljana-La Haye. Celle-ci sera ouverte \u00e0 signature par tous les Etats pendant une p\u00e9riode de deux semaines \u00e0 La Haye en 2024, la date est encore \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obligation de poursuite<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Outre la coop\u00e9ration entre Etats, la convention pose aussi noir sur blanc un principe juridique fondamental pour la poursuite des crimes les plus graves par les Etats: l\u2019obligation aut judicare aut dedere<\/em> (art. 14 de la Convention). Selon ce principe, consid\u00e9r\u00e9 jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent comme du droit coutumier, il existe pour tout Etat une obligation de poursuivre quiconque aurait commis des crimes internationaux et se trouve sur son territoire. Et si un Etat ne veut pas engager de poursuites sur son territoire, il a alors l\u2019obligation, selon ce principe, de remettre la personne soup\u00e7onn\u00e9e soit \u00e0 un autre Etat, soit \u00e0 un tribunal international qui se chargera des poursuites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La discussion a \u00e9t\u00e9 tr\u00e8s vive \u00e0 Ljubljana \u00e0 propos de cet article dont l\u2019adoption fut combattue par la France et le Royaume-Uni, ces deux Etats tentant d\u2019obtenir pendant les n\u00e9gociations que l\u2019exercice des poursuites soit facultatif. Ces tentatives fran\u00e7aise et anglaise \u00e9chou\u00e8rent et on ne peut que s\u2019en r\u00e9jouir. Ces deux pays ont toutefois obtenu le droit de formuler une r\u00e9serve sur le principe aut judicare aut dedere <\/em>pour une dur\u00e9e de trois ans renouvelable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Il faut d\u2019ailleurs noter \u00e0 propos de la diplomatie fran\u00e7aise, qui tente, comme l\u2019\u00e9crit l\u2019avocat fran\u00e7ais Simon Foreman, \u00abd\u2019assurer la supr\u00e9matie de la realpolitik sur le droit\u00bb, que sa position tranche d\u00e9sormais avec la nouvelle approche de la Cour de cassation fran\u00e7aise qui a rendu un arr\u00eat tr\u00e8s attendu le 12 mai 2023.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comp\u00e9tence universelle de la justice fran\u00e7aise face aux crimes commis en Syrie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette instance est en effet revenue sur sa propre jurisprudence du 24 novembre 2021, qui avait provoqu\u00e9 un immense toll\u00e9 en d\u00e9clarant impunissables en France les crimes contre l\u2019humanit\u00e9 du r\u00e9gime de Bachar el-Assad, au pr\u00e9texte qu\u2019ils n\u2019\u00e9taient pas punis par la loi syrienne. Cette nouvelle d\u00e9cision entra\u00eene donc la reprise des poursuites contre des Syriens en France soup\u00e7onn\u00e9s d\u2019avoir particip\u00e9 aux crimes du r\u00e9gime de Damas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cette nouvelle jurisprudence de la Cour de cassation est aussi tr\u00e8s importante car elle assouplit un \u00abverrou\u00bb qui s\u2019opposait souvent \u00e0 la poursuite des crimes internationaux en France, soit l\u2019obligation que la personne soup\u00e7onn\u00e9e ait dans ce pays \u00absa r\u00e9sidence habituelle\u00bb. Ainsi, le suspect syrien demandait l\u2019annulation des poursuites au motif qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait venu dans ce pays que pour un semestre d\u2019\u00e9tudes, habitant en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 ailleurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selon cette nouvelle d\u00e9cision de la Cour de cassation, l\u2019on peut avoir une r\u00e9sidence habituelle en France mais vivre principalement ailleurs, le crit\u00e8re \u00e9tant un rattachement \u00absuffisant\u00bb \u00e0 la France, et non par exemple un simple passage sur le territoire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Si la poursuite p\u00e9nale des crimes les plus graves continue de demeurer l\u2019exception et non la r\u00e8gle dans notre monde, le droit international a toutefois marqu\u00e9 des points ces derni\u00e8res semaines \u00e0 Ljubljana \u2013 et \u00e0 Paris. On ne peut que s\u2019en r\u00e9jouir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n



This article was originally published in French in Le Temps<\/a> on the 26th of June, 2023<\/em>
Image de couverture : la conf\u00e9rence MLA, photo par le minist\u00e8re des affaires \u00e9trang\u00e8res et europ\u00e9ennes<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

COLUMN. The new Mutual Legal Assistance Convention of Ljubljana-The Hague is the first significant treaty in international criminal law since the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in 1998, analyzes Alain Werner, who also sees improvements in Paris.<\/p>\n

Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":179586343,"featured_media":9545,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_crdt_document":"","_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false},"categories":[1420],"tags":[1379,1703,1751,1696,1518],"class_list":["post-9541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-france","tag-international-crimes","tag-mla","tag-syria","tag-universal-jurisdiction"],"yoast_head":"\nSteps forward for international law in Ljubljana and Paris | Civitas Maxima<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/civitas-maxima.org\/fr\/steps-forward-for-international-law-in-ljubljana-and-paris\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Steps forward for international law in Ljubljana and Paris | Civitas Maxima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"COLUMN. 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